Using firearms and penetrating captive bolts for euthanasia

Used properly, firearms or penetrating captive bolts are quick, effective methods for euthanasing livestock. 

For adult cattle, a firearm should deliver at least the muzzle energy of a standard 0.22 magnum calibre cartridge. For larger animals (e.g. bulls), 0.30 calibre high-power cartridges are recommended. For calves, sheep and goats, a firearm should deliver at least the muzzle energy of a standard 0.22-calibre long rifle cartridge. 

To ensure maximum impact and the least possibility of misdirection, projectiles should be fired at the shortest range possible, but not with the barrel in contact with the animal’s head. Captive bolts however must be placed firmly against the skull.

Figures 1 and 2 indicate where the direarm or penetrating captive bolt should be directed to euthanase cattle, sheep and goats. 

When using a penetrating captive bolt, the animal should be handled carefully and be appropriately restrained to avoid unnecessary distress. 

Note: People undertaking the euthanasia of livestock must be appropriately trained. People using firearms must also be licensed in their use.